SUBSTRATES

Substrates are the building blocks of many things, from tiny computer chips to coral reefs. The word itself derives from the Latin prefix sub meaning below and refers to a layer under something... The Al 2O3 and Si substrates were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering and then cooled at RT. During the process, the bulk alloys and films were heated to a temperature of 1078 K at a rate of 10 K/min. Then, they were cooled to RT to avoid surface scattering and conduction. This process is suitable for many applications, including inducible devices... Fabricating semiconductor chips requires several steps. First, a silicon substrate (wafer) is cut from an ingot, polished to make it smooth, and then sent to a chip manufacturer. Next, adding a layer of silicon dioxide on the chip surface, followed by a layer of nitride by chemical vapor deposition. Then, the chip wafer is placed into a lithography machine and exposed to a deep ultraviolet light or'reticle.' The light reaches the semiconductor..