REX YING

To date, out of the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world, 9 of them are used for simulations, spanning the field of cosmology, geophysics and fluid dynamics [5]. These applications not only demonstrate the importance of simulation as a methodology in sciences and engineering, but also reveal the tremendous time and space complexity of such real-world simulations... Simulation for physics, such as simulations in particle physics, plasma physics and fluid dynamics [9, 10]. Initial conditions typically involve particle data, as well as electric and magnetic field data that interact with each other over time... Simulation is widely applied in chemistry, to understand structures of molecules. For example, in quantum chemistry, given an initial geometric configurations of atoms, simulation is required to evolve the atom configurations to eventually achieve a lowest-energy state of a molecule [2].