The planning, management, and execution of such projects will require changes in the way organizations do business. This article reports on ongoing research into the cost challenges associated with planning and executing a system of systems (SOS) project. Because of the relatively immature nature of this acquisition strategy, there is not nearly enough hard data to establish statistically significant cost-estimating relationships. The conclusions drawn to date are based on what we know about the cost of system engineering and project management activities in more traditional component system projects augmented with research on the added factors that drive complexities at the SOS level... A more extensive study (with nearly 800 participants) compared brain scans from the same people before and after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The scans showed tissue abnormalities and loss of gray matter in people who had the covid disease than in those who did not. The changes mainly affected the areas..