This MURI project is focused on a revolutionary new paradigm for fabricating micro/nanodevices: the synergistic use of genetic engineering, biological replication, and shape-preserving chemical conversion to generate enormous numbers of identical Genetically-Engineered Micro/nanodevices (GEMs) with tailored 3-D shapes, fine (meso-to-nanoscale) features, and chemistries... Although appreciable global effort is underway to develop advanced micro/nano-devices for aircraft, biomedical, telecommunications, automotive, and other applications, commercial microfabrication has been largely focused on layer-by-layer (2-D) techniques developed for silicon-based microelectronics. New 3-D methods are needed to enable the low-cost mass production of micro/nanodevices with complex (non-planar) shapes. Nature has developed elegant biological approaches for replicating large numbers of 3-D mineralized (bioclastic) micro/nanostructures. Among the most striking bioclastic structures are the microshells..