ONTEIS

Biological modeling requires the accurate identification of the objects to be observed, the explicitation of regularities attached to them and a measure to translate the observations into these regularities in order to provide a symbolic and mathematical expression. While objects in physics are defined by the laws on which they depend, biological objects are identified by their history and the norms they generate (=regularities)... In the absence of a theoretical framework for modeling, the biological modeler was constrained to make compromises. They have several drawbacks. The main one is the impossibility to model the specific observable of biology itself: the phenotype. This has resulted in the adoption of other observables taken from heterogeneous theories, often incompatible between them (for example between physical theories), sometimes in a purely metaphorical way (as for the genetic "code" or the "signals" imported from the theory of calculability) or through imitations (by..