Dr. Kelly's Spray Triode ® atomizer offers a practical way to capitalize on ESD's attributes. It introduces a new driving force for droplet formation and dispersion that is rooted in quantum mechanics. Droplet size and distribution are controlled by imparted electrical charges and the physics of surface electrons, not conventional fluid dynamics. Droplet development is separated from all aspects of the fluid delivery process, insensitive to the flow rate and properties of the particular fluid. Because all of the droplets are charged, they must flow to ground, much as lightning carries atmospheric charged particles to ground. This "cling" or "sticky" effect eliminates overspray and aerosol drift... ESD enables low energy delivery systems for fluids or particles, with significant advantages over conventional delivery and dispersion methods. It also efficiently separates and filters particles from fluids... Electrostatic atomization and dispersal (ESD) were first described approximately..