ISOSCAPES

Isoscapes (from iso tope land scapes) are model products or spatially continuous observations of spatio-temporal variation in isotope ratios. They are typically utilized and produced at large spatial scales (regional to global) and are applied to a wide range of research questions. The isotopic compositions of gases, liquids and solids in abiotic and biotic materials are all potential targets for spatial modeling to generate isoscapes... Isoscapes that are model products may be derived from first principles process modeling, application of fitted regressions, from geostatistical interpolation methods, or they may be the result of hybrid combinations of approaches. What may be thought of as direct observations are largely derived from remote sensing approaches.